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July 25, 2017

Kangaroo Apples (Solanum sect. Archaesolanum)

Kangaroo Apples – the 8 species of genus Solanum which belong to section Archaesolanum grow in wild state in Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea areas. They all are (semi-)evergreen medium size shrubs with more or less lobed leaves and fleshy berries which break and fall down when ripe. The fruits of the most species are edible. Every one have other taste and color. They have exotic aroma and are very delicious. They are also very ornamental due to a profusion of blue flowers and colorful fruits. Inside of fruits there are not only seeds but also stone cell granules which have various shape and size (in the same fruit).

 The flowers of three species: left - Solanum linearifolium (Mountain Kangaroo Apple), middle - S. laciniatum (Southern Kangaroo Apple) and right - S. aviculare (Rainforest Kangaroo Apple)
(more photos bellow)
Growing:
Although they are subtropical and needs long growing period I discovered that some species can be successful grown as annual in temperate gardens. They only need to be sown very early inside – in January-March and replanted to a garden after last frosts. Then the fruits are ripening in August and September. They love much of warm and sunlight. There is very difficult to buy viable seeds, especially rarer species. The seeds should be sown surface. GA3 (2000ppm by 24 hours) can increase germination rate. They germinate usually within 2-4 weeks. The plants are suitable to growing in medium size pots.
The names of taxons which I tried to grow are bolded and below of an each description there are visible their images. All photos were made by me in my garden and balcony in last a few years. I grown 5 species. Four of them (S. laciniatum, S. aviculare, S. vescum and S. linearifolium) can be successful grown outside in temperate areas if sown early. The fifth species – S. symonii is more difficult (it is later and ripens as late as in mid autumn).
Description of species:
The best known and often cultivated there is S. laciniatum (Large Kangaroo Apple, Southern Kangaroo Apple). It occurs in wild state in extreme south-east Australia and Tasmania. It has rotate-shaped blue flowers and orange fruits (delicious raw or cooked). 

Solanum laciniatum






 The comparison of fruits of Solanum linearifolium (on right) and S. laciniatum (on left)
Solanum laciniatum is often confused with other species – S. aviculare (Rainforest Kangaroo Apple) native to eastern Australia. The last one differs by very small seeds, star-shaped flowers and darker (almost red) fruits. It is one of the parents of hybrid S. laciniatum (the natural crossing of S. aviculare and S. vescum). Fruits of S. aviculare are edible only in small quantity (larger amounts can be a little harmful). It is difficult to find the seeds of true S. aviculare (often they are falsified by S. laciniatum).

Solanum aviculare 








The mentioned above S. vescum (Gunyang, Green Kangaroo Apple) is characterized by large (probably the largest in the section) pale blue flowers, huge lobed leaves and yellowish-green fruits. It is native to south-east Australia. The fruits are very delicious and (as the only in the species which I know) something resemble true apples in taste.

Solanum vescum 









S. linaearifolium (Mountain Kangaroo Apple) has narrower leaves than other species. Its flowers are dark blue and fruits pale yellow with large purple spot on the side which is in the sun. It is also native to south-east of Australia. The fruits are delicious after boiling. In raw state they have odd taste.

Solanum linearifolium









The comparison of fruits of Solanum linearifolium (on right) and S. laciniatum (on left)
The comparison of leaves of Solanum linearifolium (on left) and S. laciniatum (on right)
S. symonii (Wepping Dune Tomato) occurs in south-west Australia. It is similar to other species but fruits are small and have purple-whitish-green color. The taste is good, exotic. As I wrote above it grows more slowly and ripens late.

Solanum symonii




There are 3 species more yet: S. simile (Oondoroo) native to whole south Australia, S. capsiciforme (Native Pepper) with green elongated fruits (resembling a hot pepper) which occurs in south-west and middle-south Australia and S. multivenosum (unknown common name) from New Guinea. The seeds of first two species are relatively easy to getting but often (in my experience always) not germinate. If you have available the fresh seeds of any of three last species please write to me.

 

Devil's Claws (family Martyniaceae)

Devil's Claws (Unicorn Plants) belong to American plant family Martyniaceae. In this taxon there are very original and useful species and numerous of them can be easily grown in the gardens or balconies in temperate areas. There are only 5 genus and 16-20 species in the family. The most characteristic for them all there is the appearance of fruit – it is fleshy, viscid, pubescent drupe (often described as „pod”) with long (in genus Proboscidea and Ibicella) or short (in genus Martnia, Craniolaria and Holoregmia) appendix, which breaks when ripe and unveil hard woody drupelet. Then the rostrum (part of drupelet which was inside of appendix) break for 2-5 parts which curve and become similar to claws. These claws help to transfer the seeds on legs of animals.
 
Proboscidea sabulosa (Sand Dune Unicorn Plant) is the smallest species in genus (more photos are bellow)
Martyniaceae species are protocarnivorous i. e. they catch the small insects (to viscid surface of leaves or stems) but do not digest them. Probably formerly, in early times, some present carnivorous plants were protocarnivorous and as a result of evolution they started to „eating” the animals.

Martyniaceae have very ornamental large colorful Gloxinia-like flowers and can be very ornamental. The drupelets are use in basketry and to making very interesting artistic sculptures (often very fairy as gargoyles, dragons, fantastic birds, unicorns etc.).

The young fruits of numerous species and theirs seeds (sometimes also leaves or roots) are edible. The fruits can be pickled – they are bitter but very tender and delicious. The seeds should be boiled before eating. They taste like sunflower seeds and have similar size but softer seedcoat. Immature seeds can be eaten raw.

The names of taxons which I tried to grow are bolded and below of each description there are visible their images. All photos were made by me in my garden and balcony in last a few years.

To the largest genus in the family – Proboscidea – belongs 7 species mainly annual herbs. I tried to grow 6 of them (5 with success so far). All species occur in North and Central America (except one which grows also in Peru).

Growing details:

All Martyniaceae love warm temperatures, fertile soil and much of sunlight. Some forms of the annual species as P. fragrans, P. parviflora, P. louisianica, P. sabulosa, P. triloba or Ibicella lutea are easy to growing in very warm spots in gardens or in medium size pots outside. They need short growing season (often only 3-4 months). But other forms/varieties of the same species are more difficult and later. P. sabulosa and P. althaeifolia need perfectly well drained sandy soil. Martnia sould be sown early (in March) inside and replanted outside after last frost and is very late (ripens in mid autumn). Others can be sown outside in May and fruits are usually ripe in September. The flowers can be hand-pollinated, but better make it the insects (bees etc.).The flowers of Proboscidea species have an interesting feature - the open stigma of the pistil closes quickly when it is touched during pollinating.

Propagation:

All species which I grown (maybe except Martynia annua) need the fluctuations of temparatures to seeds germinating so they should be sown outside or (if sown inside) on a heater. Some species are very easy to germinate as for example Proboscidea fragrans, P. parviflora subsp. parviflora var. hohokamiana or Ibicella lutea but some other need a pre-treatment before sowing. I discovered how to do it! The seeds of such difficult taxons should be soaked by 3-4 hours in solution of GA3 (300ppm) or (probably – I a not sure – I always used the hormone) clear water. Next it is needed to remove a seed-coat and seed-membrane (which covers young cotyledons and inhibits germination). Then seeds should be sown covering them in thick layer of powdered charcoal (to prevent of rotting the naked embrios). There is also one other method which I tested only in case of P. sabulosa so far – the seeds can be sown in cool cellar in pots in early March to germination after long time in May outside when the weather becomes warmer. In the case of Martynia seeds (which are very hard to removing from drupelets – you need use the nail pliers etc.) good is first method, but the soil substrate to sowing should be very special (composed only of sterile sand, powdered charcoal and vermiculite) because the germinating seeds are very susceptible to rotting.

Note:

The plants which belongs to family Martyniaceae are sometimes confused with one South African species - Harpagophytum procumbens (Grapple Plant, Wood Spider, Devil's claw) . The reason of it is the similarity of common names of both taxons. H. procumbens belongs to sesame family (Pedaliaceae) and is well known as a famous medicinal herb.

Descriptions of species:

The most widely used and highly prized species is Proboscidea parviflora ssp. parviflora (Doubleclaw, Red Devil's Claw, Desert Devil's Claw) native to south USA and Mexico. It is cultivated as large-fruit (to 16 inches = 40cm long) and white-seeds variety - var. hohokamiana (as edible and basketry plant). Wild - var. parviflora has black seeds and something smaller fruits. There are met 2-clawed and 3-5-clawed forms of both varieties. P. parviflora as species has the largest fruits in the family. The flowers are white or pale pink and have characteristic two purple spots in upper part of corolla. I tried to grow three named cultivars of white-seed variety: „Giant Multiclawed” (3-5 clawed), „Tohono O'Odham” and „Paiute”. The first one was very easy and early. The other ones were late and I had not a success with them. The multiclaw form (3-4 clawed) of black-seed variety, which I also grown, fruited less abundant but was also easy and rather early.
Proboscidea parviflora subsp. parviflora var. hohokaiana "Giant Multiclawed":

The flower
The flower have 2 purple spots on upper lobes of the corolla
The young fruit
Fruits are quite large
The fruits can be 16" (40cm) long
 
The flesh cover of ripe fruit breaks and fall down and there become visible the woody drupelet. 
 



The drupelets
The ripe dry drupelets
The color of seeds of this variety is white or gray
The seeds of this subspecies are white or gray.

 Proboscidea parviflora subsp. parviflora var. hohokaiana "Tohono O'odham":


The flower



Proboscidea parviflora subsp. parviflora var. parviflora "Multiclawed":

The flower


This variety creates smaller drupelets
The drupelets of this variety of P. parviflora subsp. parviflora var. parviflora are similar to "Giant multiclaw" variety but they are smaller 


There are two other subspecies of P. parviflora: subsp. gracillima and subsp. sinaloensis. They have more flowers in inflorescences and occur in Mexico.
The most popular in trading is P. louisianica (Common Unicorn Plant, Devil,s Claw, Ram's horn). It is the most northern species in wild state (grows even in Canada). The seeds are brown or black, fruits medium size with two hard claws. It creates large pale pink or white flowers with yellow spot and small purple dots. I grown the two wild strains from Texas
 Proboscidea louisianica:

The seeds can be brown or almost black
The seeds
Seeds of Proboscidea louisianica are brown or almost black colored
Young seedling
The young seedling
Young plant
The flower
Flowers are pale pink or white, without purple spots
The inflorescence


Young fruits
The fleshy drupes
The drupelets
The ripe dry drupelets

 
The closest cousin to the last one there is P. fragrans (Sweet Unicorn Plant, Ram's Horn, Devil's Claws, Aphid Trap) sometimes described as P. louisianica subsp. fragrans. It differs from previous one by purple flowers and something smaller and softer drupelets. Not only fruits and seeds but also the leaves of this taxon were eaten boiled. This plant blooms so profusely that can be grown as petunias on balconies or hanging pots.

Proboscidea fragrans:

Young plants
The young plants
The flower
The flowers are purple and fragrant
The inflorescence


It can be grown on balconies as petunias
It can be a very ornamental balcony plant (not worse than petunias)
young fruits
The young fruits are edible cooked
young fruits
The plants can be quite large
Fruits are edible - bitter but delicious
The young boiled drupes
The maturing fruit
The ripening drupes




The drupelets
  The ripe dry drupelets 
 
The smallest fruits in the genus Proboscidea creates P. triloba (Mexican Devil's Claw, Cat's Claw, Uñas de Gato, Torito). They are not big but very bulgy and have relatively short appendix. Flowers, on long pedicels, are similar to P. louisianica. The leaves are sometimes trilobate (but not always). There are two varieties: var. triloba and var. diversifolia. The last one is more rare in wild state (in Mexico) than first. This species grows sometimes as a perennial in warmer areas but more commonly is an annual.


Proboscidea cf. triloba:

(my plant it is probably not a clear species - it has dentate leaf margin, dark spots on upper petals, cordate for deltate-shaped leaves (often 5-lobed) as P. triloba subsp. triloba but the colour of flowers is paler and fruits are larger then in descriptions of this species)

The young sedling
The young seedling
Young plant
The leaves have dentate edge and flowers have purple spots
Blooming plant
The flower
The plants can be quite large
Young fruit


The fruits are small and bulgy
Drupe has an inflated body and a short appendix
The fruit


The almost ripe fruits


The ripe dry drupelets
The drupelets

There is also other, very little known species – P. sabulosa (Sand Dune Unicorn Plant). It is smaller plant which very differ of other species – it has relatively large, long, narrow seeds and small long purple flowers with original appearance. The fruits are something similar to next (look at below) species and drupelets have 4-angular lateral edge of claws (other species have rounded edge). It needs sandy fertile moist soil. It is very rarely met in wild state (only in south-west Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico).

Proboscidea sabulosa:

The seeds are long and narrow
The seeds are narrow and long (other than in rest of species)

The seeding
The young seedling

The older seedling


Young plant
Older seedling
Young plant
The flowers are much other than in rest of species of this genus
The flower


The blooming plant
This species plants are very small
The flower


Young fruit
The fleshy young drupes
The one fruit has been very twisted (more than other fruits) 

The plant with young fruits
The almost ripe fruit
Mature drupe just after harvesting 
 
The drupelets and fleshy coverings


The dry drupelets
The ripe dry drupelets
There is visible the 4-angular lateral edge of claws
There is visible the 4-angular lateral edge of claws
The drupelet


The only true perennial in the genus is P. althaeifolia (Golden Devil's Claw, Perennial Unicorn Plant). It creates thick tuberous taproot (which of an outer part is edible, as well as young fruits and seeds) and golden-yellow flowers. Drupes are very narrow, with not very thick seed-capsule part. Seeds are smaller than in case of other species. It grows in half-desert areas. In California it is often evergreen but it south Arizona the stems and leaves are dying in dry or cold periods. It has been the most difficult to growing species in my experience. My plants unfortunately died in young age. I am going to try again. It likes a heat, perfectly well drained soil (it is susceptible to rotting when young) and extremely full sun (the lacking of sunlight it is the often reason of dying of young plants in spring in northern temperate areas). This is the only species in genus Proboscidea which can be meet in wild state in South America (in Peru) but more often occurs in southern USA and Mexico.

Proboscidea althaeifolia:

The seedings
The young seedlings
The seedling


Young plant
The young plant
The drupelets
  The ripe dry drupelets
There are numerous seeds inside of a drupelet
I found one rare 3-clawed drupelet 
 
The last species (which I have not grown yet) there is P. spicata (New Mexico Devil's Claw). Despite the common name it grows only in south-west Texas and in Mexico. It is the rarest species in wild state – the scientists do not even know how looks its fruit. It is only known that the flowers are purple (as P. fragrans) and pedicels very short so inflorescence looks as a spike (not as a raceme as in the case other species).
I grown also two other species of family Martyniaceae which belongs to another genus. Ibicella lutea (Yellow Unicorn Plant) - it is very similar to species in genus Proboscidea (differs mainly in details of flowers appearance) annual plant with yellow flowers and fruits similar to P. louisianica in size and shape but seed-capsule part is covered by short spines. It germinates always in small per cent and often slowly but it does not need any pretreatment before sowing.
Ibicella lutea:

The flowers
The flowers are golden-yellow, very ornamental
The flowers


The ripening fruit
The ripening drupelets
The ripening fruits


The dry drupelet
The ripe dry drupelet

The last species of this family which I grown is Martynia annua (Devil's Claw, Ice Plant, Tiger's Claw). There is the only one species in the genus. It is plant which gave a name to whole family. This is annual and straight herb - in contrast to other species in the family (which are rather procumbent). The flowers are very large, white with pink and yellow spots and fruits are very small, with very very short claws. Inside of the hard drupelets there are only four long seeds (in genus Proboscidea and Ibicella in fruits there are numerous ones) which are very difficult to germinating (very susceptible for rotting and need removing a seed-coat and seed-membrane – as described below). Martynia grows in a wild state in Central America.

Martynia annua:
 
The drupelet and seeds
The dry drupelets and the seeds
The seedling
Young seedling


This plant is always straight, not spreading like Proboscidea spp.
The young flower
The first developing flower
The flower
The ripening drupelets
The unripe and ripe drupes


The ripe drupelets
The ripe dry drupelets
The fleshy part of drupe
The fleashy coverings of a fruit 
 

There are two South American genus yet which have very similar fruits to Martynia but differs of it in other features. It is Craniolaria - with two species: annual - C. annua (Yuca Escorzonera) which occurs in northern coast of South America and also Caribbean and tuberous perennial - C. integrifolia (Pico de Piraba) from South Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. In last genus Holoregmia there is only one shrubby species – H. viscida (unknown common name) which grows in only in North-East Brazil (state Bahia).
I am looking for rare species of this family. If you have available the seeds of them please write to me.