Rare Henbanes (Hyoscyamus sp. div.)

To genus Hyoscyamus (family Solanaceae) belong about 10-20 species (depending on the taxonomic approach) which occur in wild state in Eurasia or North Africa. All of them are toxic and some were used in medicine and as intoxicant. The Henbanes have also very lovely colorful flowers and can be quite ornamental.

 

Small Henbane (Hyoscyamus pusillus) - dwarf species

Their seeds need to germinating a period of coldness (cold stratification by a few months) or soaking in GA3 solution (2000ppm by 24 hours). Then they germinate easily if sown surface or shallowly. The typical species - H. niger (Black Henbane) (and probably also other species in exotic areas) - can be a dangerous weed on poppy fields (it has very similar seeds to poppies and can cause poisonings if occurs numerously).

The most known species is Hyoscyamus niger - Black Henbane, which grows commonly in distributed synanthropic areas in Europe and Asia. It blooms in June to September in Central Europe, but there exists West Asian form which flower from early May to June. It does not differ much from European form in other features. It creates typical bronze-purple-yellow flowers, but looks very exotic in spring when the most of shrubs around are only starting to developing the leaves. It is biennial and probably very frost hardy (but I wintered it in pot in cool cellar so I have not check its frost resistance). This is a very little known form and hard to find in trading.

This is biennial herb

It starts to blooming in early May

And looks very strange in this time

It is pollinated by bees

Young capsules covered by enlarged calyxes

This plant is monocarpic

The close relative to H. niger is Hyoscyamus agrestis (syn. H. niger subsp. agrestis) – Annual Black Henbane. It is much rarer in wild state and differs from typical species by uniformly yellow flowers and its annual life form. It can be much smaller than common Black Henbane.

It is very different than common Black Henbane

The other species, which is very ornamental, is Hyoscyamus albus – White Henbane. It is native to Southern Europe. It can be annual or biennial (there exists both forms in various areas) and it is not full hardy in my zone 6b. It is said to be hardy only to zone 7. I grew a biennial form and kept my plant on window sill in winter. It creates very lovely flowers which of the centerschange the color with age.

One year old plants

The younger flowers have green centers and the older - purple ones

The flowers of this species are very ornamental

The plant with young fruits

The last rare species which I grew is Small Henbane - Hyoscyamus pusillus. This is dwarf annual creeping caespitose herb. It grows in numerous areas in Asia on sandy steppes and semi-deserts (I grew a form origin to Kazakhstan harvested on Ketmen, altitude 1800 m, from semi-desert steppe). This is very lovely herb with small bright yellow flowers with dark spots. It needs very short growing period (from seed to seed - only about 2-3 months). Seeds of this species are hard to find.

This plant is very hairy

The flower bud

The flowers are small but lovely

Young fruits (capsules in enlarged calyxes)

This is small creeping annual herb

If you have available seeds on any other rare species of Henbane or its cousins please write to me.

Spiny eggplant's relatives (Solanum sect. Acanthophora)

There exists about 20 species of nightshades/eggplants (Solanum) - eggplant (S. melogena) cousins, which belong to section Acanthophora (within subgenus Leptostemonum). 

The immature fruits of Yoa (Solanum palinacanthum) ex Bolivia

 They all are very spiny perennial or long-living annual herbs. They are mostly origin to South America, but some species grow also in Africa or southern Asia. They are often very ornamental and were used also as medicinal, or sometimes even as edible.  Some species are weedy. The seeds are lentil-like shaped and sometimes (in the case of some species) winged. Flowers are often andromonoecy (there are two kinds of flowers - hermaphroditic and functionally staminate in the same inflorescence). The fruits (fleshy berries) are often quite large or medium size and in various colors (yellow, red, orange, grenish etc. and often green/dark green motted when unripe – so they looks like small watermelons and are very lovely). I tried to grow 5 species:

Tropical Soda Apple, Juá-bravo (Solanum viarum) it is very ornamental shruby perennial native to Brazil and Argentina, to 1-2 m (3-7 ft) tall and wide, with very prickly stems and leaves, small white flowers and yellow fruits (green mini watermelon-like when immature). It creates underground rhizome suckers, and is frost hardy to zones 8b and warmer. In temperate areas (zone 5-7) can be grown as annual (in the same way as common tomato - but fruits are inedible). This plant is prohibited in numerous countries (mainly tropical and subtropical where can be a noxious weed). Can be slowly to germination - scarification or GA3 may improve germination. Seeds of this species are hard to find in trading.

The flowers

This plant creates large round bushes of annual stems (and perennial rhizomes)

Immature fruits

Ripening fruits

Ripe fruits

The seeds

Cockroach Berry (Solanum capsicoides, syn. S. ciliatum) it is annual or short-living tropical perennial native to Brazil. It creates very ornamental red fruits and is used in dry boqueets. The thin white flesh of these fruits is eaten by children in Brazil.  This species is used in southern Australia to grafting eggplants (Solanum melongena) to obtaining perennial “tree eggplants” which creates very numerous fruits (much more than not grafted plants). Seeds of this species are winged (the same as seeds of next species).

The plant in flowers

The immature (ripening) fruit

The ripe fruits

The seeds are winged around

Purple Devil Plant, Malevolence, Five-minute Plant (Solanum atropurpureum) - this is subtropical half-shrub to 1,2-1,8m (4-6 ft) tall and 0,9-1,2m (3-4 ft) wide. It is native to Brazil. The stems and leaves densely covered by very large purple prickles. Flowers are pale yellow. Fruits orange. An ornamental plant which is said to be hardy to -10 C degree (about 10 F degree) or less. But my plants have not survived a winter even in my home on window sill. Maybe they had not enough of sunshine.

This herb creates numerous large purple prickles

.. and has purple stems

The flowers are lovely

The ripe fruits

The seeds are winged, as in previous species, but smaller and darker

Yoa, Reverse-prickled Eggplant (Solanum palinacanthum) is a very rare ornamental perennial (but can be grown like an annual in zone 6 or warmer). It grows to 0,45-2 m (1,5-6,5 ft) high. Native to South America (Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay) where exists to altitude 2500 m (8333 ft) in Andes. A very prickly plant (the twigs are covered by dense thin acicular straight - but reverse targeted - spines). One of the most beautiful Solanums (Nightshades, Eggplants). In summer it creates very showy bright blue or violet and yellow flowers. Later appears flashy light yellow (striped when immature) fruits 1-1,5inch (3-4cm) diameter. Leaves are prickly, lobed. Underground it often creates rhizome and new shoots can appear from it. Also a poisonous and medicinal plant. Contains a mutagenic glycoalkaloids and an antimicrobial substances. This plant is one of the samples of andromonoecy. A plant very easy to grow. Likes much of sun and well drained, moist soils. Seeds can be slowly to germinating (even 2-3 months) but germinate in high percentage (when 1 seed germinate other also start to do it). They should be sown about 1 cm (0,4 inch) deep in light, well drained soil and keep moist in light place. Seeds of this species are hard to find in trading - very rarely cultivated. I grew 2 different forms – one typical (with creeping rhizome) from Bolivia and the second from Brazil (which not created a distinct rhizome). 

The form from Brazil:

The flowers are medium size and very very ornamental

Immeture fruits

The fruits ripe very late (in late winter)

The seeds are quite large and without the wing

The form from Bolivia:

The plant in flowers

The immature fruits

The ripening fruit (late winter)

The fruits of this form were larger than previous one

Nipplefruit, Fox Head, Cow's Udder, Apple of Sodom  (Solanum mammosum) this is a tropical perennial very similar to previous species, but without a rhizome (it is rather half-woody subshrub with wody base), with other prickles and other shape fruits (they are very unusual and often resemble cow's udder in shape, but there are some wild forms with simply round ones). It is native to South America and naturalized in Central America. This and previous species have the largest fruits in the section Acanthopora. It is poisonous plant but unripe fruits and young leaves are sometimes eaten (probably after special preparation) in some areas in tropics. Mature fruits are also used as ornamental (to dry boquets), as repellent (against cockroaches) and as detergent. It is also folk medicinal herb. I grew in once in old times but I have not done any photos. I have available only photo of seeds. This species is susceptible to bacterial spot (terrible disease of tomatoes), so to prevent it the seeds should be covered in fungicide before sowing. I wanted to try to grow it again in this spring but my plant has been attacked by bacterial spot and I had to trow out my plants to not spread this deadly disease on other plants (this disease is incurable – attacked plants need to be killed and destroyed). 

The seeds of Solanum mammosum are similar to S. palinacanthum but much darker

 There exists numerous other wild species of Solanum sect. Acanthophora - the most of them in South America. If you have available seeds of any of them please write to me.